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Laizzez faire free essay sample

Partnerships are animals of the State and along these lines must be observed intently by the populace to their inclination to upset the Smithsonian unconstrained request. These maxims comprise the essential components of laissez-more pleasant idea, albeit another fundamental explain dismissed component is that business sectors ought to be serious, a standard that the early supporters polonaise-more pleasant have constantly underscored Liberal Government present social government assistance changes in the mid twentieth century In the late 1 ninth century the British government rehearsed the guideline of laissez-fairer.Laissez more pleasant methods the business showcase are liberated from levies, government sponsorships and implemented syndications [2]. Under the rule of Laissez more attractive, government just gives straightforward upkeep of peace, secure property rights against burglary and animosity with guidelines [3]. People were answerable for their own choices, to ensure and improve their own lives and government assistance. [l] After the general political race in 1906, the Liberal government assistance change was acquainted between 1906 with 1914, changing the demeanor and approaches towards the neediness. We will compose a custom article test on Laizzez faire or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The liberal changes for youngsters are, free school dinners, school clinical assessments, Children s contract act and school facility. The mature age benefits act, work trade for the jobless ND national protection for laborers were additionally completed in the long run inside this timeframe. [l] The demeanor towards the regular workers moved from distinction to a progressively total way . The Liberal changes changed the economy, politic and social circumstances[l] ,and lead Britain to an all the more well structuralizes and solid nation. The reasons of the changes were, changes in disposition, the Boer War, social change, political changes and the dread of being overwhelmed. [41 The belief system of Laissez more pleasant had accepted how a general public should function , facilitated commerce, opportunity of settling on a choice in the late nineteenth century before the liberal social changes being present. The job of government was to ensure and ensure the opportunity of the residents and market. They gave military powers to manage the property rights and trade between parties. 4] The guideline thought is to permit residents from most noteworthy conceivable opportunity. The focal thought fifths belief system depended on self improvement, government was not answerable for the neediness and hardship for their citizens[l] Instead the residents.. . How does Social Darwinism strengthen Laissez-more attractive? Social Darwinism fortifies Laissez-more attractive in light of the fact that since it says that on the off chance that you re not of good reproducing you won't succeed, on the off chance that you will be, you will. All things considered, much like pre-goal, in the event that you definitely comprehend what will occur, whats the purpose of being acceptable, developing yourself, etc.In that case, let the great occasions roll! Answer Usually the fact of the matter is put in an unexpected way. Social Darwinist restrict government assistance (and if extremely outrageous, even foundation) because it purportedly meddles with the working of the laws of regular determination and natural selection; they contend that any framework other than laissez more attractive will result in the unfit (who, they state, ought to just die) rearing like hares ND so forward. As such, they count on laissez more pleasant as a framework that they are willing to accept.Some exceptionally outrageous Social Darwinist would like to quicken common determination by fake methods as occurred under the Nazis. Bump Answer to separate this, the most grounded will get by in organized commerce (this is the easy method to state it). In the event that you have a flimsy economy and no focal gobo. You will fall flat and won't have the option to partake in facilitated commerce (Laissez-reasonable) Characteristics of Laissez-Fairer identified with social government assistance 1 Leadership Style Characteristics Emphasis on Performance Low accentuation on execution. Accentuation on People Low accentuation on people.DEAD RESHIP STYLE 2. Administration Philosophy Assumptions about individuals are unusual and attempting to comprehend them is an exercise in futility. Suppositions about the job of a pioneer Keep a position of safety, be dutiful, and dont cause a ripple effect. 3. The executives Skills Planning and Setting Objectives Plans and sets up goals just whenever required to do as such. Sorting out Lives with whatever structure he is given. Controlling Abdicates controlling to representatives. Dynamic Avoids settling on choices however much as could reasonably be expected. Inspiring Leaves individuals alone. Nothing appears to work at any rate. Conveying Communication is cautious, shallow, and kept away from. Creating Leaves advancement up to representatives. In the event that individuals need to create themselves, that is their business. Utilization of Reward and Punishment Avoids fulfilling or rebuffing individuals. Way to deal with Handling Conflicts Ignores clashes and expectations they will vanish. Way to deal with Handling Problems and Mistakes Ignores issues and mix-ups except if compelled to manage them. Relational Relationships with Employees Avoids cozy connections and lets workers do practically however they see fit. Utilization of Power and Authority Power and authority are relinquished to whomever needs to expect them. Assignment Practices Responsibilities are accepted naturally as opposed to through appointment. Advantages of Laissez-more attractive Leadership Laissez-more pleasant pioneers permit adherents to have total opportunity to make disapproving the fruition of their work. The laissez-more attractive pioneer utilizing guided opportunity gives the devotees all aimlessness to achieve their objectives, however doesn't straightforwardly take an interest in choice seriousness the adherents demand their assistance.Laissez-more pleasant administration ingrains a higher awareness of other's expectations among group ashes. This type of administration opens colleagues to extreme business circumstances, helping them acquire understanding and become quicker. Laissez-more attractive authority keeps colleagues mindful of and ceaselessly progressing in the direction of bigger picture. This type of authority can help the dedication of colleagues to accomplish the desirables. Disadvantages of Laissez-Fairer Leadership Laissez-more attractive administration might be the best or the most exceedingly awful of authority styles.If the pioneer adheres to transiently got definition and standard act of strategic distance and hands-off superbly driving their brings down, the most exceedingly terrible type of initiative is showed. However,when the twenty-first century appropriately readies their supporters, laissez-more attractive lithographers as a definitive type of driving. In the event that colleagues don't have sufficient experience or the necessary abilities, the accomplishment targets might be at extraordinary hazard. Significant choices that should be taken at short notification can go unpleasantly wrong.If individuals are not self-propelled and taught, laissez-more pleasant administration can prompt an incredible arrangement wastefulness. The group may get inclined to rehashing botches and may neglect to escape looters eyeteeth experience during a venture. Colleagues may get off course and may not organize accurately. Situations Where Laissez-Fairer Leadership can Work This is a compelling style to utilize when: The essential for laissez-more pleasant administration is having a solid chief, with a demonstrated direction of success.O Followers are exceptionally gifted, experienced, and taught. Adherents can dissect the circumstance. Devotees have pride in their work and the drive to do it effectively all alone. D Outside specialists, for example, staff pros or advisors are being utilized. N Followers are reliable and experienced. At the point when close checking of a choice isn't required. SEE-FAIRER LEADERSHIP STYLE Conclusions In this venture we concentrated about laissez-more pleasant authority in detail. Practically all the segments polonaise-more attractive initiatives has been talked about briefly.We can finish up from this examination that Tallahassee-more attractive administration can be beneficial just as damaging on the grounds that everything depends adversary circumstance of the emergency or condition. In those situations where subordinates are complex, dexterous encountered this style rises with extraordinary creative future point of view. While in initiates where subordinates are fledgling, propelled and with poor spirit this style causes greatcoats wrecking the entire association and administration.

Hip Hop Dance Essay

Hip Hop Dance Essay Hip Hop Dance Home›Descriptive Posts›Hip Hop Dance Descriptive PostsHip hop is believed to have been founded by African Americans back in the late 60’s and early 70’s. It started as an urban culture and spread like a virus. Initially, hip hop was a solution to self-determination, realization and urban pride. This was the norm in the gang-ridden streets of Bronx, New York where drugs were also commonplace. Block parties, outdoor jams, gang warfare and aggressive street dance competitions are among the characteristics defined hip hop. Eventually, hip hop grew to become a multibillion dollar industry that has modeled many individuals into successful media icons.This has created many manifestations through which hip hop as a culture can be explored. The culture has four fundamental elements which include hip hop dance, art, music and fashion. Hip hop includes urban graffiti while hip hop music is characterized by Deejaying, rapping and hip hop music production. Rapping is mainly urban poetry that is presented in a lyrical rhyme. Hip hop dance on the other hand is characterized by break dance moves and interesting forms of street dance. This paper aims at discussing hip hop dance; from history to the present day proliferation of the hip hop culture.Hip Hop DanceHip hop dance has been very influential especially to the young generation. The bad-boy bad-girl attitude associated with the dance hailed from the same Bronx that gave rise to the hip hop culture. The throbbing street dance was also common in Brooklyn and Los Angeles and would literally shake the urban communities. The legendary dancer Don Campbell and his Lockers had a major impact on street dance (Price, 2006). He added a new flare to the hip hop dance with his bad-boy expression. In fact, dancing was the initial essence of early hip hop and the local dancers inspired Djs to embrace music that exemplified hip hop dance.Every street gang in the 70’s had its group of dancers and was captivated by energetic sounds of beat boxes and discotheques. Local dances were performed on outdoor jams where crowds would respond vehemently to the prodding of the Dj to show engagement in the dance style. Kool Herc was a renowned Dj of the time especially for his creative and innovative abilities of bringing forces together to give local youth a chance to entertain and have a good time. The hip hop dance phenomenon is mainly related to African Americans and Latin Americans but has grown to spread to other parts of the world over time (Hess, 2010).After the outbreak of hip hop dance, a number of films were released that featured the new form of dancing that combined beats, sounds and street moves. In fact, for some movies such as “Crush Groove” made it to success as a result of integration of the hip hop culture. Hip hop dance became the new style of dance that emerged in choreography with styles such as locking, popping and break dancing. Hip hop dance is categorized into old school and new school dance though the two have evolved with time. Currently, hip hop dancers have become independent of the original hip hop culture and young people are inventing new moves to make the dance more enthusiastic.Differences between hip hop dance and other dance stylesHip hop dance styles are among the oldest and most established dance styles. Mainly characterized by violent movement of the body, hip hop dance differs from other styles a great deal. It is a muscle-moving work out that involves rolling of hips, waist and pelvic as well as popping that emphasizes beats and sound produced in the music. The popping movements give an excellent abdominal workout as opposed to other slow dance styles such as jazz or slow dance.Choreographers and dancers use these styles for fitness and as a platform to promote body shape and dance prowess. For this reason, hip hop dance has gained popularity in television, film as well as in the theatrical setting. Some dancers have even toured the worl d showcasing their works in hip hop dance. These include March of the Anthem, P-funk and others. Even today, international competitions are common as will be discussed in this study (Scheff et al, 2010).The founders and significance of hip hop danceAs indicated above, hip hop dance has been growing steadily since it started in the 1970s and it has been so since the black community and the Latinos in the United States invented the dance (Kelly,2011). It is worth mentioning that the dance was mostly concentrated among the poor people in the states who were fans of the style and the music genre. Note that musicians and artists that promote hip hop music genre have continued to promote the dance. It is also very important to understand that the dance has had several transformations and evolutions depending on generations and fan base of the music (Kelly,2011).The dance came to be an attraction when the first break dancing contests, locking and popping began and it was greatly popularize d by dance crews such as rock steady crew, the lockers and electric boogaloos.  It is important to make it clear that the dance moves were created independently, that is to mean that locking, popping and break dance, moves that make up the dancing style were independently made (Hennings, 2010). Some were created in California like the funk styles while others were made in New York. Some of the pioneers who will be remembered in the invention and evolution of hip hop dance is James Brown whose good foot dance formed the basis of break dance.Looking where to BUY AN ESSAY?Save your time and money! Use QualityCustomEssays.com professionals service to get an A+ paper Place an order get 15%offfor your first orderHip hop dance is much concentrated on the musical and dance that have been done and therefore there was a turn with the invention of another break dance beat by DJ Herc in 1973 which further piloted the dance in the seventies. On the other hand, other moves such as the popping we re invented by the Sam Solomon with the greatest inspiration being his song Do the Boogaloos which also gave the inspiration to the boogaloo dance. However, it should be mentioned that the original version of the dance was created by Don Campbell in the sixties although much credit is given to the developments that were made in the seventies (Robinson, 2002).It is worth mentioning that the dance has not been much of a choreographical excitement and therefore cannot be traced back to its popularization in this route. However, it is notable that there are choreographers who are great in the popularization of break dance such as Laurie Ann Gibson who has even had a movie based on her life to indicate the contributions she has made in helping the growth of hip hop dance that has started gaining acceptance as a dance. Note that the moves which include jerky movements of the arms and torso were initially viewed as confusion but have now been considered an expression of the emotions of ind ividuals that worship the dance.Additionally, Shane Sparks is another of the choreography who has given so much to development of the hip hop industry and dance. It would therefore be seen that the dance have moved from the development of a dance that was invented for the baby boomers of the seventies that has so much influence in arts in the contemporary world to a universally acceptable dance. Initially, the dance was associated with violence as also the hip hop music has but all these have since changed because of the evolution in the genre.International competitionsSeveral international dance competitions have focused on hip hop dance. Most of them start from regional tournaments that are confined to countries, several states or a continent. They offer dance crews a chance to create a name in the hip hop industry and qualifying groups are selected for final global championships. Such is the case with Battle of the Year, a breaking competition for dance crews started in Germany i n the 90’s. It starts with regional dance battles that lead to international championship finals. B-Boy Summit on the other hand is an international dance conference that runs for four days in San Diego. It was first formed by b-girl in Asia.The conference includes break dance battles, dance panels and workshops as well as a market place for hip hop merchandise. This conference is unique in that it mainly emphasizes on the history of hip hop and the value of the culture across the world. It aims at making people understand the roots of the hip hop dance and hip hop culture. As a result, it consolidates rappers, Djs, young dancers with talent and other hip hop-faithful individuals from across the world. Besides dance shows, artists showcase their prowess in hip hop graffiti. In dance, lockers and poppers also battle out their skills for top prize (Feldberg, 2009).The Hip Hop International is a worldwide hip hop dance championship started in 2000 in the US and gives both dance crews and soloists a platform to compete. The candidates are categorized in ages; junior, varsity and adult. Crews are required to be composed of five to eight persons and must showcase at least three unique styles of hip hop dance. Solo dancers are also given an opportunity to showcase their locking and popping moves. Breaking moves are usually set for the adult category. This international hip hop event attracts hip hop lovers from across the world.For instance, in 2009 the competition had one hundred and twenty crews that represented over thirty countries. Hip Hop International also manages the Hip Hop Dance Championships held in the United States. These are among the key international hip hop competition events but there are several others that are run in other countries. The main impact of these dance competitions is that they popularize the hip hop culture especially the art of dance (Agence France Presse, 2009).Dancing is a means of expressions and hip hop has proved just that alt hough it is quite different from the dancing styles that have been there since time immemorial but it has been noted that dancing is quite positively influenced by the kind of music. Hip hop dance has been promoted by the hip hop music genre and since the genre is dynamic, the same case has applied to dancing as well. This means that apart from the three styles; break dancing, popping and locking, there have been other developments in the system. To cap it all, hip hop dancing is expected to gain popularity with time as much as it is going to undergo several transformations depending on the fan base.

The Doll s House By Katherine Mansfield - 1279 Words

Fascination of the Wealthy â€Å"The Doll’s House† by Katherine Mansfield is a short story revolving around the three Burnell sisters and their dollhouse. The girls, Isabel, Lottie, and Kezia, are overjoyed upon receiving the dollhouse as a gift and want to show all of their classmates but are not aloud to talk to the little Kelvey girls. Katherine Mansfield’s story, â€Å"The Doll’s House,† represents how social status can affect people’s personalities, starting at youth, through the symbolism surrounding the Burnell’s dollhouse, the descriptions of all the characters, and how all the girls in the story act compared to their parents. The Burnell girls’ dollhouse symbolizes wealth and how people view the wealthy. When the dollhouse first arrives, the character of Aunt Beryl, who seems to be the three sisters’ primary caretaker, won’t allow the dollhouse indoors because the smell of fresh paint is too strong; howeve r, the girls are too amazed with the gift to even think about how toxic it is. The narrator says, â€Å"But perfect, perfect little house! Who could possibly mind the smell?† This is very similar to how people view and treat the wealthy. People of wealth can be truly awful, cruel people, but because of their money, they are treated kindly and welcomed. As the girls cry out with delight, it is said that â€Å"the Burnell children sounded as though they were in despair. It was too marvellous; it was too much for them.† The girls are in awe of the dollhouse, much like society in aweShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Katherine Mansfield s The Dolls House Essay2323 Words   |  10 PagesKatherine Mansfield was an early 20th New Zealand writer who focused on people and how they interacted with each other. She was often making comments on the society around her. The four short stories of Mansfield that I am going to talk about are also based on the interaction between societies. The people in the 19th century were blinded with darkness of class prejudice and external appearance. The four short stories are ‘The Dolls House’ ‘The Garden Party’ ‘A Cup of Tea’ and ‘Miss Brill’. TheRead MoreThe Doll s House By Katherine Mansfield1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Doll’s House written by Katherine Mansfield repeatedly uses the image of the dollhouse to symbolize the rich and the poor. Mansfield uses the doll’s house itself as a metaphor for the world of the rich upper class and creates a symbolic language surrounding it. The metaphor and imagery of the dollhouse is important for this short story because it shows how rich people view life and as well as the lower class and compares them to one another. It is also important because the dollhouse connectsRead MoreKatherine Mansfield s The Doll s House929 Words   |  4 PagesIn Katherine Mansfield’s â€Å"The Doll’s House† children are like sponges soaking up all the impurities of society. These little girls portray a vast array of feelings determined to be brought about by their varying backgrounds in their young lives. The short story encircles how our society functions; allowing people with power and wealth to overlook the important little details in life. Wealth categorizes how people fit into society throughout this entire short story. Mrs. Hays sent the Burnell sistersRead MoreAnalysis Of Katherine Mansfield s The Doll s House 1645 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of social class, categorizing as well as forcing people into different distinct groups and ranks based on their financial, political, and socio-economic status. This system of social stratification is demonstrated in Katherine Mansfield’s short story, â€Å"The Doll’s House†, and explores the issue of prejudicial distinction between people based on their experiences and social circumstances. Through Mansfield’s manipulation of the relationships among certain characters such as the inferior lowerRead MoreKatherine Mansfield s The Garden Party And The Doll s House Essay1954 Words   |  8 PagesHypothesis: Katherine Mansfield strongly emphasised prejudice and class distinction within her writing (The Garden Party and The Doll’s House) which was influenced from her upbringing and childhood Katherine Mansfield was a 1900’s modernist writer of short fiction who was born and raised in a socially prominent family in Wellington, New Zealand. Much of her work was strongly themed around issues such as classism, a woman s place in society, sexuality, adulthood and also grief. The central themeRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin955 Words   |  4 Pagessecond-class situation of women in the text, Mrs. Mallard s whispers of Free! Body and soul free!(Chopin 53) are highly suggestive of the historical context. Seeing from Louise’s inside point of view possibly she does not believe it was such a great loss so much as an opening to move outside the bondage of personal relationships. Inside and outside also plays a large role in the story The Doll’s House by Katherine Mansfield. The doll’s houses major theme is the spitefulness of class divisions. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Katherine Mansfield s The Garden Party Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesKelsey Archuleta Ms. Sparks AP Lit p.6 8 December 2016 Title Katherine Mansfield was a modernist short story writer during the 1920’s. She wrote various short stories in the few years as an author, Mansfield s stories often commented on class, relationships, families, and sexuality, After reading a few of her most popular works the common theme of them though out was the central conclusion of them all is the protagonist coming of age by seeing the more realistic view on life. The common themeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Katherine Mansfield 2012 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Katherine Mansfield was a well acclaimed author born in 1888. Her literature was in the form of short stories spanning no more than several passages long. Many dub her as an innovator in literature for her distinctive use of realism and symbolism which at the time was foreign to short stories and writing in general. Most authors at the time fabricated fictional worlds with fantastic characters in their stories but Mansfield was more interested in writing and emerging her audience intoRead MoreKatherine Mansfield Major Themes1340 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Katherine Mansfield was a well-known author of her time. This was due to her controversial modernist pieces of writing. She commonly wrote about the political and social issues of her time whilst also writing about her personal life. Her interpretations based on the values of different societal classes brings a unique take on the themes represented in her writing. Many of the themes are similar but usually viewed on a different perspective. Four pieces from the 1920’s that show her

Hunger of Memory Religion Essay - 667 Words

Hunger of Memory: Religion Rodriguez is very open about Catholicism and the identities and views that he has had in his life both as a child and now as an adult. He begins by explaining how as a child, the Church had a profound impact on his everyday life. The Church had â€Å"an extraordinarily physical presence† in Rodriguez’s early life as he had a church and a catholic school both within one block in either direction of his home (Rodriguez pg 85). As a young boy, Rodriguez’s first taste of church was through a small wooden church across town where mass was done all in Spanish. At this stage of his life, Rodriguez still felt alienated by â€Å"los gringos† and maintained that public and private life should be kept separated. But as†¦show more content†¦His connection with the church slowly dwindled as well as stopped going to confessional and began to go to his friends if he needed advice. However, Rodriguez continued to blend his catholi c views with his intellectual readings on theology and really became a free thinker. Rodriguez admits that â€Å"education may have made it inevitable that I would become a citizen of the secular city, but I have come to embrace the city’s values. By choice I do not confine myself to Catholic society† (pg. 115). This idea of free choice is ultimately where Rodriguez finds himself in his religious views. He is an individual who chooses what he wants to believe in, and it is part of his identity was an educated adult. Although many of his religious ideals as a child were lost due to the changing world around him, Rodriguez admits that he stills wishes that he could go back to the way the church was when he was a child. He â€Å"longed for the Latin mass† (pg. 112) as it was simplistic and as it focused on the individual rather than the group. Rodriguez believes that ones relationship with God is at an individual level and that all the changes made in church are â€Å"aimed at serving Catholics who no longer live in a Catholic world† (pg. 113). As the times and church have changed, so has Rodriguez. He admits that he will continue to go to English mass but will recall the faith that he once had as a child. Rodriguez willShow MoreRelatedA Discussion Of Similarities And Differences1388 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific researchers, as human patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are different, and this difference is grounded in biologically mandated individual features. Althoug h, there is something in common for different social groups, and ethnicity or religion might be contemplated as a wide factor that units individuals. The fact that people are connected by events of their past cannot be denied, however, the question is whether or not the form of this connection is applicable for every individual, andRead MoreSimilarities and Differences of The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer 982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and The House of the Scorpion written by Nancy Farmer have many opposing opinions, views, symbols, characters, plots and settings; however both novels retain several similarities as well. Katniss Everdeen lives in a make belief, future country called Panem. The Capitol rules the surrounding 12 districts in a dictator- like way. In punishment for the districts past rebellion the Capitol decreed that every year each District must offer up one young man and womanRead MoreThe E ffects Of Hunger In Black Boy By Richard Wright1717 Words   |  7 Pages Hunger is a unique feeling because its meaning is limitless. Although the term â€Å"hunger† is typically associated with a lack of food, it can be simply defined as having â€Å"a strong desire or craving† (â€Å"hunger†). In the novel, Black Boy, Richard Wright recalls the constant hunger pains due to living in poverty. However, Richard experienced alternative forms of hunger that pushed him to overcome adversity. Richard Wright’s success as a writer, even changed the way people looked at African AmericansRead MoreThe Community in The Giver is Not a Better Alternative to Contemporary Australian Society883 Words   |  4 Pageschoice, as in their eyes, choice is a risky, unnecessary concept. Jonas, like everyone else, is oblivious to this, until he is assigned the job of the Receiver of Memories. This job involves receiving memories from the Giver of Memories, who received his memories from the previous Giver, and â€Å"back, and back, and back† (p99). With these memories, he begins to realise that choice is not such a risky, unnecessary thing; it is an important thing that makes everyone unique. In the modern Australian communityRead MoreThomas Madden: the New Concise History of the Crusades Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pagesremain a very important movement in human history, and are hard to understand, as they include several themes and they lasted for a long time (about two hundred years, and the author covers a period of about eight centuries in his chronological work). Religion is, of course, the most recurrent theme we think about the Crusades, but is it the only factor to explain them? How does Madden, considered as one of the most foremost historian of the Crusades, expose them in his book? Is his work effective to understandRead MoreEssay on The New Concise History Of The Crusades1231 Words   |  5 Pagesremain a very important movement in human history, and are hard to understand, as they include several themes and they lasted for a long time (about two hundred years, and the author covers a period of about eight centuries in his chronological work). Religion is, of course, the most recurrent theme we think about the Crusades, but is it the only factor to explain them? How does Madden, considered as one of the most foremost historian of the Crusades, expose them in his book? Is his work effective to understandRead MoreThe Hunger Games and PTDS Essay1930 Words   |  8 Pagesa movie without thinking too deeply into the issues that a character may have. Recently, I have become very fond of anything that has to do with the Hunger Games. Upon watching the movie and reading the first book, it became apparent that one of the main characters was suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD. The Hunger Games is an annually televised lottery where a boy and a girl from each district in the nation of Panem, compete in a game of survival called upon byRead MoreFugitive Pieces Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagessupport, love, and care of Athos. Athos simultaneously offers Jakob unconscious understanding. â€Å"Our secrets will be our courage when we need it† (p. 116), Athos tells Jakob, implying that this is the way Jakob survives. Jakob keeps his memories of pain, and pain of memories deep inside for the often times he is feeling hellish, melancholy pain and they act as his strength, his anchor. After the death of Athos, Jakob is left with nobody to care for him. When Jakob meets Alex, she acts as the joyfulRead MoreEliminate the Drinking Age in Canada Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesAround the world, alcohol is used in many different ways: consuption, disinfectent,in religion and is also used for havin a good time. Consuming large amounts of alcohol can leave you in a drunk state and too much alcohol can kill you. This is why there is a legal driking age in Canada. However in certain parts of Europe, there is not a drinking age and even with no drinking age, there are less alcohol involved accidents per year. We should eliminate the drinking age in Canada because it will reduceRead MoreFreedom For The Sake Of Security1383 Words   |  6 Pages Suppressing Freedom for The Sake of Security Our world today is filled with unnecessary oppression. Slavery is one common form of human oppression, but there are numerous other forms as well. War, death, hunger, and sadness caused the elders in the society of The Giver to force each citizen to live extremely structured, controlled lives. That structure and control effected each person’s ability to live unique, private, and free lives. The elders in The Giver wanted all the citizens in the community

Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events Free Essays

string(55) " shallow marine ecosystems would have been devastated\." Describe concept of faunal succession and use of fossils in correlation and in the subdivision of Earth history. -Principle of Faunal Succession: Strata of Eke age can be recognized by the fossils they contain even if the outcrops of strata are separated by large distances geographically, this only works because species have evolved through time C] older forms of life die out and new forms develop -using the appearance and disappearance of fossils to subdivide geological time Is the science of physiotherapy D. Recognize the qualities that make fossils useful in physiotherapy. We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events or any similar topic only for you Order Now – Physiotherapy: each fossil species is said to have a range through geological time 0 it exists in the geological record from the point that it evolves to the point that it becomes extinct E. Identify important historical figures in the development of stereography and physiotherapy. Archbishop of Armada, James Usher (1581-1665) calculated the Earth to be 6000 years old by adding up all the dates mentioned in the Bible and arrived at a date of October 22, 4004 BC as the creation of planet Earth (hard to accept by many people) -Late asses and asses scientists started to conclude that the Earth Is ancient and had undergone much change throughout Its history. This George Xavier (1769-1832) examined the remains of mammoths in Europe concluding they were a once living species that had become extinct F. Appreciate the scale of changes that can occur over geological time scales. – Geological time scale – to represent the changing character of the Earth through time, fossils were used to correlate between different regions and characterize particular periods of Earth’s history -Today we have a time scale that divides and bedsides Earth’s 4. 6 billion years into various time periods G. List some of the major subdivisions/ ages of the geological time scale and appreciate the relative scale between the Phonetics and the Precambrian. This is due to an extraordinary proliferation of fossils at the base of the Phonetics in a period called the Cambrian. -Most creatures with hard parts like shells, teeth, and internal skeletons evolved here as they fossil much more readily than soft-bodied creatures -In addition to an increasing biodiversity as new species evolved, many of the new â€Å"hard part creatures† would more readily form fossils. H. Understand how extinction events are linked to the structure of the geological time call. Eras are broad subdivisions that are particularly significant as they represent a grouping of geological periods. They represent times when there has been a major change in the Earth’s biosphere. -The base of the Phonetics is defined by the emergence of creatures with hard parts. -The base of the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic is based on the emergence of new species following a mass extinction at the top of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic respectively. -The base of all periods is defin ed on the emergence of radiation of new species l. List some of the major developments in the history of life on Earth. ) At least 30% of Earth’s species must be lost 2) It must be across a broad range of geologies, not restricted to any one niche. 3) It must have short/sudden duration (around 1 million years maximum) K. List the â€Å"Big Five† mass extinction events and their order through time. 1) Cretaceous / Polygene (Tertiary) (K/Peg), 65 Ma 2) Late -errant’s, 205 Ma 3) Perm / Triassic, 251 Ma 4) Late Devotion, 360-375 Ma 5. Late Ordination, 440-450 Ma L. Distinguish between broad extinction-producing phenomena. ) Biological causes: Organisms being brought together that once lived in isolation can cause mass extinctions (ex. Many of the New Zealand ground dwelling bird fauna were devastated when human hunters and then later European mammals (cats, rats, dogs) were introduced) -The three main modes of biologically induced extinctions: a. Competition between creatures occupying the same ecological niche b. (E xcessive) Predation: Predators do not have to do the whole Job, Just drive a population to a low enough level then â€Å"random extinction† can complete the extinction. The idea behind a random extinction is that, although the number of individuals in a species may grow and the species may spread over a wide area, thing ensures the permanent survival of a species. C. Pathogens: disease being introduced to an area by incoming plants or animals 2) Earth-based causes: Extinctions influenced by Earth-based tectonic processes may be caused by changes in continental configuration or changes in atmospheric composition a. Changes in continental configuration: changes in the distribution of continents can have a profound effect. Two major effects of continental configurations: -Changes in climate, ocean cyclist, sea level. Weather patterns and the movement of the oceans are directly linked to the distribution of continents. The Late Ordination extinction -The greater the landmass the lower the diversity. At the moment we have a relatively high biodiversity. This is in part due to the number of continents that are in effect isolated from one another. In times when there is a high degree of continental fragmentation, evolution can proceed in isolation to produce many different species on different landmasses. If plate tectonics cause the formation of a large interconnected land mass there will be more competition between species and lower biodiversity. 0 The Perm/ Triassic Extinction b. Changes in the atmosphere: volcanic activity can also have severe effects. Gases such as carbon dioxide can cause greenhouse warming and aerosols may cause climatic cooling. These can significantly affect the health of the biota c. Extraterrestrial impacts d. Combination of many factors: it is very unlikely that any one factor would be responsible for a global crisis in the biosphere. M. Describe the late Ordination and Perm-Triassic extinction. -Late Ordination: Australia, moves towards the South Pole during the late Ordination causing a severe ice age. As water was locked up in the form of glaciers at the Southern Pole, sea level fell. This may have had a severe effect on creatures that live in the shallow water, lose to the continental margins. As the sea retreated off the continental shelf and into the ocean basis shallow marine ecosystems would have been devastated. You read "Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events" in category "Papers" The Perm / Triassic Extinction (the WORST day for the Biosphere, 251 Ma): At the end of the Permian, plate tectonics had brought all the continents together to form the super continent of Pangaea -Between 95-98% of all species would go into extinction -It hit both ocean- and land-based ecosystems and was less than 1 million years in duration -Many of the common Paleozoic marine creatures would suffer badly through this e xtinction including trilobites, barbershops, and crinoids. On land, large amphibians and mammal-like reptiles would be badly effected. -Potential causes of the Perm / Triassic extinction (involves a number of events happening at the same time): 1) Continental configuration: drop in biodiversity. The greater the landmass the greater the competition between species. At the end of the Permian, the superscription of Pangaea or â€Å"all lands† would have brought many species into direct competition. 2) Sea level fall: less ocean ridge activity. Sea floor spreading slowed its pace during the Permian, resulting that the oceanic ridges were smaller in size and displaced less water. Consequently oceans retreated from shallow areas into the deeper basin causing problems for creatures that lived in any remaining shallow marine environments. 3) Oceanic stagnation: The close of the formation of Pangaea saw the end of an ice age. Cold polar waters probably disappeared and ocean circulation slowed or stopped. This would have reduced ventilation of deep ocean waters killing off many deeper marine species. In addition occasional overturn of stagnant water could have brought oxygen poor waters to shallower marine communities as well. 4) Climate change: Due to the formation of a large landmass, limited would have been much drier and subject to drought. 5) Siberian Traps: massive volcanic activity in Russia: Around 2-3 million kamala basaltic lava were produced within a million years. Carbon dioxide from the volcanic activity and methane caused by melting of gas hydrates would have resulted in greenhouse warming of the planet. In addition, gas emission from volcanoes would have also produced acid rain effects. 6) Possible impacts: Although still very controversial, it is possible that the Earth suffered impacts from space during this time as well. N. Describe the character of extinctions at the K/Peg boundary. Just as the end of the Permian extinction marked the beginning of a new grouping of periods (the Mesozoic) the end of the Cretaceous extinction is likewise so distinct that it marks the beginning of the latest grouping of periods, the Cenozoic. Characteristics: 1) Over 50% of all species on the planet would go into extinction during the k/Peg extinction event 2) One land, few creatures over 25 keg in weight would survive 3) In general, the extinction was even more severe in the oceans with around 80-90% of marine species including the ammonites and marine reptiles going into extinction -A ether and son scientific team, Louis and Walter Olivarez brought the K/Peg extinction crosses the K/Peg boundary in Gobi, Italy. The I-CM clay layer lies directly on top of the latest Cretaceous rocks and was found to be enriched in the element iridium (very rare at the Earth’s surface and yet in this layer was enriched over xx above background 0 has now been recorded in many other sections around the world that straddle the Cretaceous. Polygene boundary) -Iridium is known to exist in higher concentrations in extra-terrestrial objects such as asteroids. Olivarez suggested that he clay layer enriched in iridium has been produced by a meteor or comet over 10 km in diameter impacting the Earth. He suggested further that this impact may have also been responsible for the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. O. Discuss the evidence used to support the K/Peg impact. 1) Fern spores vs.. Pollen: Ferns are often the first plants to colonize a landscape that has been devastated by fire. In the earliest Polygene (part of what was formerly called the Tertiary), many areas show an increase in fern spores relative to pollen. This suggests that global forest fires may have raged at the end of the Cretaceous paving a landscape open for ferns to spread. This is further supported by high concentrations of soot found around the K/Peg boundary. 2) Tektites: they are thought to be produced during an impact event and they are composed of natural gas. During impact, rock is melted and ejected form the crater. As it travels through the air and cools, it forms characteristic aerodynamic shapes. Many tektites are found at the K/Peg boundary in many different locations, suggesting a massive impact event. 3) Shocked quartz: In many sections around the K/Peg boundary, fragments of the mineral quartz show evidence of multiple fractures. These fractures are thought to be produced when rock is shattered during a high-energy impact. The fragments are called shocked quartz. 4) Tsunami deposits: Tsunami waves leave characteristic sedimentary deposits on inundated shores and as far inland as the waves reach. This feature was found in Mexico, Texas, New Jersey, and the Carolinas suggesting the passage of an enormous wave, far larger than could have been produced by standard tectonic processes. Such a wave could have been generated if an impact had occurred in the ocean. P. Describe the location and probable nature of the K/Peg impact. The distribution of tektites, iridium, shocked quartz, and other potential impact related features was pointing towards a possible centre of activity in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. An oil company had drilled wells in the area and encountered unusual fractures and even melted rock suggesting the area had been subjected to some form of extreme stress. The presence of a crater was finally confirmed when geophysical data revealed a large circular disturbance over km in diameter, the Clubbing Impact Crater -The object responsible for this crater had a shallow angle of entry around 0-30 degrees and is estimated to have been at least 10 km across. -As an analogy, you can think of something the size of Mount Everest hitting the surface of the planet. The energy released by the impact was equivalent to 6. Axes tons of TNT. An estimated 100 kamala of rock was vaporized and released to the atmosphere. Material that wasn’t instantly vaporized was thrown out of the crater (the ejects) and Q. Describe the initial and long-term effects of the impact and their environmental consequences. 1) Initial effects (seconds to days) of the impact in the area of the Yucatan Peninsula were significant a. Everything close by would have been vaporized b. The intense heat form the blast and the hot debris (including tektites) would have started massive forest fires as suggested by the fern and pollen data c. As the impact occurred partly in the ocean, a massive tsunami would have been generated 2) Longer-term effects (months to decades) of the impact were numerous. Two significant effects were on global temperature and on atmospheric composition. A. Global temperature changes -Dust thrown into the atmosphere would have shut off sunlight for weeks or perhaps months generating a period of cold (a â€Å"Cold House†, lasting weeks to months. The lack of sunlight would also have had severe consequences for plants and photosynthetic algae. -After the dust had settled, water vapor would have remained in the atmosphere acting as a blanket, preventing heat from escaping the Earth. This would have created a greenhouse effect and caused a rise in global temperature. Eventually the excess water vapor would be removed by rainfall. However, the temperature of the Earth would continue to rise due to the release of greenhouse gases during impact (a â€Å"Hot House†), lasting years to decades. In particular, carbon dioxide would have been liberated when large quantities of limestone (calcium carbonate, Cacao) would have vaporized during the impact . -The Mesozoic had in general been a warm equable environment. These swings in temperature would have laced a lot of stress on creatures more used to stable climatic conditions. . Acid Rain -High-energy blasts can cause oxygen to combine with nitrogen to form oxides of nitrogen. When these are dissolved in water (ex. Rainfall), it becomes nitric acid. -In addition to the vaporization of limestone as described in (a) above, rocks called evaporates were also vaporized in the blast. Evaporates form when salts precipitate out of solution as the sun evaporates a body of water. This can occur on a vast scale, for example in the Mediterranean Sea, which is closed off at the Strait of Gibraltar. With virtually no input of water from the Atlantic Ocean, high rates of evaporation resulted in the Sea being converted into a vast sultan. This process had also occurred in the Yucatan area. The effect of high-energy blasts on sulfate-rich evaporates is the release of large amounts of sulfur gases. These gases, when dissolved in rainwater, fall to Earth as sulfuric acid. Although the acidity of the nitric- and sulfuric- containing rain was weak and could probably not affect any large animals directly, they would have been affected the acidity of soil and surface ocean. This would have had a devastating effect on plant life and plankton. Thus, the effects from acid rain on the organisms that form the base of the food chain or food web had serious repercussions for all the creatures at higher atrophic levels. R. Consider other potential causes of the K/Peg environmental consequences. -Some scientists remain convinced that another impact at the K/Peg boundary (perhaps not loud have been significantly larger than the Clubbing impact, but impacts would NOT have been the only cause. Some factors may be: -During the late Cretaceous, the superscription of Pangaea was starting to fragment. This would have caused changes in oceanic circulation and climate. -Even more significantly, global climate would have been affected by an increase in volcanic activity, in particular, during the formation of the Decca Traps in India, which were highly active at this time. Like the Siberian Traps that occurred at the end of the Permian, this activity would have reduced vast quantities of gases that could have seriously affected the Earth’s climate. S. Describe the type and location of potential impostors and rate of meteor influx. 1) Comets are essentially material left over from the formation of the Solar System and are composed of icy material and other debris – effectively â€Å"dirty snowballs† in space. As comets travel towards the Sun, the ices vaporize producing the comet’s tail. -Two examples of comets are comet Halley, which comes into view of the Earth every 74-79 years, and comet Hale-Bop that was last seen in the night sky in 1997 and will turn in 2380 years. An annual event is the Leonie Meteor Shower, which is visible in Canadian skies in November. This rain of â€Å"shooting stars† is produced as the Earth passes through the debris left behind by comet Temple-Tuttle as it orbits around the sun -There are two comet â€Å"stores† in the Solar System: a) The Keeper belt exists in an area from about the orbit of Neptune to about 50 auk’s out (1 AU = 150 million km) -May conta in 1 billion (1 x IOWA) comets that are greater than km in diameter. ) The Root cloud is a cloud of comets that exists way beyond the Keeper belt and is only Oakley associated with our sun -May have more than 200 comets with a diameter greater than 500 km with many smaller but still significant in size -It is interesting to note that comets may have been responsible for bringing much of the water and perhaps some of the organic compounds that would lead to the development of life of Earth 2) Asteroids are mostly found in a belt between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter. It is speculated that they may represent the material that might have formed another planet early in the history of the Solar System if it were not for the gravitational effects of Jupiter. Some asteroids are solid, rocky to metallic while others are little more than â€Å"rubble piles† in space. Collisions between asteroids could potentially cause them to be redirected into Earth-crossing orbits. Of those so far mapped, a few are over km in diameter, about 1000 have diameters greater than 30 km and 1 million (alexia) with diameters over 1 km T. List some of the major impact features preserved on the Earth’s surface and explain why impact craters appear to be rare on Earth. -Around 100 billion (IXIA 1) objects enter our atmosphere every rush 0 most of these are burned out at a distance of km above the Earth’s surface. These objects are commonly traveling around 11-km/ second. At such speeds, the atmosphere acts like a brick wall. If an object enters at a shallow angle, it may skip like a stone being skipped across a pond and fly back out to space -Early in Earth’s history, our planet probably suffered on our planetary neighbors’ like Mercury. The evidence of this early bombardment is missing on Earth due to processes of erosion and active plate tectonics. -Until recently (sass’s) the possibility of impact on Earth’s surface was regarded as improbable. -Craters such as Meteor Crater in Arizona and even the craters on the non were held by some to represent extinct volcanoes and not impact craters at all. U. Describe some of the features and processes of crater formation. Gene Shoemaker was to change this view by studying features such as the material thrown out of a crater (ejects), shocked quartz, and chemical anomalies, which demonstrated extra-terrestrial origins for these features. -With the aid of satellite imagery, we are now beginning to identify more craters on the surface of our planet. V. Provide examples of Canadian Impact Craters. -Manicuring impact crater (Northern Quebec) – formed about 214 Ma in the Late Triassic. It is km in diameter but was probably as wide as km before glacial erosion stripped away the upper levels. This impact even is thought to be associated with 4 others including Saint Martin Crater (Manitoba) – 40 km in diameter and Architecture Crater (France) – 25 km in diameter. -When the continents are reassembled into their locations during the late Triassic all these craters line up along 22. 8 degrees North latitude over a distance of 462 km. -It is thought that this almost improbable alignment may actually represent a fragmented body that generated several impacts. It is interesting to note that although the effects of this impact would have been severe, it is not associated with a major mass extinction event W. Describe the hypothesis proposed by Rap and Sheepskin. -They analyzed the number of mass extinctions during the Phonetics and concluded that every 25 million years there was severe stress on the biosphere, sometimes associated with a mass extinction event -There is no known terrestrial geological process that could cause this fr equency of problems for the biosphere. So it was suggested that an extraterrestrial source may be to blame 0 comets in the Root cloud were cited as being the most likely culprit -Rap and Sheepskin’s hypothesis suggests that every 25-26 million years, something shifts the Root cloud, which causes some comets to fall in towards the Sun and a possible impact with the Earth 0 for this to work, we need to identify a gravity source that can cause disturbances in the cloud on a regular 25 million year basis: 1) Nemesis – Companion Star: This hypothesis proposes that our Sun has a companion star way beyond the outer limits of our Solar System whose orbit brings it close to the Root cloud every 25 million years. The gravitational effects of this close pass could cause comets to fall into the inner Solar System. If this body was a red dwarf star or even a black hole, it might be difficult to detect, but even though powerful telescopes such as Hubble have the Nemesis hypothesis, this has an astronomical body (Planet X) that causes shifts in the Root cloud as it orbits around the Sun. In this case, the body y is a planet lying within the bounds of the Root cloud but outside the Keeper belt. Again, no evidence of such a planet has been found. 3) Movement Through the Galactic Plane: In the same way that our planet orbits the Sun, so our Solar System orbits around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxies are not Just flat pancakes of stars, they also have â€Å"thickness† -In addition to traveling around our galaxy, our Solar System is also moving up and down through it, Every 25-26 million years we pass through the densest part of the galaxy, which contains a higher number of stars and also the most gravitational effects. It is proposed that it is this movement through the dense part of the galactic plane that is responsible for the shifts in the Root cloud and thereby a potential impact related biosphere crisis every 25 million years or so. X. List and describe some recent impacts and â€Å"near misses†. ) Tunas, Siberia None 30, 1908): A large explosion about km above the surface attributed to an extraterrestrial object breaking up I the atmosphere (which is why no crater was found). Fortunately, the area was not populated but people and horses km away were knocked off their feet. The shock wave from the blast traveled around the Earth twice. -In Scotland and Sweden, a light appeared in the sky so bright that you could read books at am without the aid of artificial light. It has been suggested that this might have been a fragment of comet Neck, which was passing close by the Earth at hat time -Over 80 million trees were knocked over covering an area about kamala (compare the area of the Tunas devastation to that of the area occupied by Washington, D. C. ) 2) Asteroid near misses: 1989, 1996, 2009, 2011 -March 22, 1989: A mm asteroid misses Earth by 6 hours. How to cite Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events, Papers

Statutory Construction free essay sample

Statutory Construction is the art or process of discovering and expounding meaning and intention of the authors of the law, where that intention is rendered doubtful by reason of the ambiguity in its language or of the fact that the given case is not explicitly provided for in the law is the drawing of warranted conclusions respecting subjects that lie beyond the direct expression of the text, conclusions which are in the spirit, though not within the letter of the text 2. Statutory Interpretation is the art of finding the true meaning and sense of any form of words, while Statutory Construction is the process of drawing warranted conclusions not always included in direct expressions, or determining the application of words to facts in litigation. Interpretation is limited to exploring the written text. Construction on the other hand is the drawing of conclusions, respecting subjects that lie beyond the direct expressions of the text. We will write a custom essay sample on Statutory Construction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Necessity for Statutory Construction Rules of statutory construction are tools used to ascertain legislative intent. They are not rules of law but mere axioms of experience. Rules of statutory construction help the courts resolve bad cases. Thus, where there is ambiguity in the language of a statute, courts employ canons of statutory construction to ascertain its true intent and meaning. 4. Statutory Construction in relation to the present structure of government. In our system of government: ? Legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines – the Senate and the House of the Representatives. ? Executive power is vested in the President of the Republic of the Philippines. Judicial power is vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law. Legislative – makes the law Executive – executes the law Judicial – interprets the law * Construction is a judicial function. It is the duty of the Courts of Justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government. Supreme Court is the one and only Constitutional Court and all other lower courts are statutory courts and such lower courts have the power to construe and interpret written laws. The duty and power to interpret or construe a statute or the Constitution belong to the judiciary. The Supreme Court construes the applicable law in controversies which are ripe for judicial resolution. It construes or applies the law as it decides concrete and controverted cases based on the facts and the law involved. It does not give legal opinion on hypothetical cases or in cases which have become, as a rule, moot and academic. * Legislature cannot overrule judicial construction. The legislature has no power to overrule the interpretation or construction of a statute or the Constitution by the Supreme Court, for interpretation is a judicial function assigned to the latter by the fundamental law. * When judicial interpretation may be set aside. By amending the Constitution, the framers of the fundamental law may modify or even nullify a judicial interpretation of a particular provision thereof. The rule that the Supreme Court has the final word in the interpretation or construction of a statute merely means that the legislature cannot, by law or resolution, modify or annul the judicial construction without modifying or repealing the very statute which has been the subject of construction. 5. Kinds of Construction and Interpretation ? Hermeneutics – the science or art of construction and interpretation. ? Legal hermeneutics – is the systematic body of rules which are recognized as applicable to the construction and interpretation of legal writings. Dr. Lieber in his work on Hermeneutics gives the following classification of the different kinds of interpretation: a. Close interpretation – adopted if just reasons connected with the character and formation of the text induce as to take the words in the narrowest meaning. This is generally known as â€Å"literal† interpretation. b. Extensive interpretation – also called as liberal interpretation, it adopts a more comprehensive signification of the words. c. Extravagant interpretation – substitutes a meaning evidently beyond the true one. It is therefore not genuine interpretation. d. Free or unrestricted interpretation – proceeds simply on the general principles of interpretation in good faith, not bound by any specific or superior principle. Limited or restricted interpretation influenced by other principles than the strictly hermeneutic ones. f. Predestined interpretation – takes place when the interpreter, laboring under a strong bias of mind, makes the text subservient to his preconceived views and desires. 6. Statutory Construction in relation to the Civil Code The Civil Code of the Philippines follows the above rule thus: Laws shall have no retroactive effect, unless the contrary is provided. 7. Statutory Construction in relation to the Doctrine of Stare Decisis The decision of the Supreme Court applying or interpreting a statute is controlling with respect to the interpretation of that statute and is of greater weight than that of an executive or administrative officer in the construction of other statutes of similar import.