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Lecture Notes History 361: Witchcraft and Heresy in Europe Lecture 3: â€Å"The Evolution of Christianity in Western Europe through the 11th Century† 1.During the era 850-1100, Christianity as it was practiced in Europe was dominated by monks and monasteries. The world was wicked and filled with pollution. Those concerned with their salvation had to flee the world and then seek to cleanse themselves from its pollutions. Monasteries were understood to be places separate from the world where individuals could go to seek self-purification 2. Monasteries were organized like other feudal estates. Most monasteries were founded by kings, queens and nobles. In this sense most abbots were like the vassals of great lords. In fact some abbots were warriors and fought for the lords. Most though, dedicated themselves to prayer for the souls of the lord and his dependents. The relationship between the abbot of a monastery and the peasants attached to monastery lands was the same as the relationship between any landlord and his serfs. 3.Monks were men who lived by a rule or a written out code of conduct. For this reason they were know as â€Å"regular† clergy. The rule was understood to be a path toward spiritual perfection. At the heart of most rules was a vow of â€Å"stabilitas,† a vow to remain stationary in a given location. The opposite of monks were hermits, men who roamed around in the â€Å"desert,† actually the woods, as a path toward spiritual perfection. In Western Europe almost every monastery followed the Rule of St. Benedict of Nursia (6th century). In his rule St. Benedict set out simple rules emphasizing manual labor for monks to follow. No distinction based upon wealth was made between brothers. The rule of St. Benedict of Nursia was reformed by St. Benedict of Aniane in the 9th century. St. Benedict of Aniane made distinctions among brothers, basically pushing most of the manual labor off on poor brothers and servants, giving the full members the task of daily rituals of col lective prayer. At the beginning of the eleventh century, Europe was dominated by two confederations of monasteries, those centered around Cluny in France, and those centered around Gorze in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany). Cluny insisted upon its independence of political authority, though in practice this meant that Cluniac monasteries were friendly to all individuals with power. Gorze and its daughter houses were under the supervision of the Emperor.

Parliamentary and Presidential Forms of Government

The White House, home of the president of the United States. Egyptian Courts Suspend Parliamentary Elections * * Parliamentary System 1. Intimacy between the Executive and the Legislature: Under this system there is a close relationship between the Executive and the legislature. The members of the Executive, i. e. , the Prime Minister and his cabinet colleagues are also the members of the legislature. They in fact enjoy the support of the majority in the legislature. Thus the Prime Minister and his cabinet can pass, amend or repeal any type of law with the support of subservient majority in the legislature.In this way, the executive and the legislative branches of the Government work in close harmony. The Executive not only runs the administration but also makes law. 2. Responsibility to the legislature: In this system, the executive is responsible and accountable to the legislature for all its acts of omission and commission. The legislature can remove a cabinet by passing a vote of no-confidence against it whenever it so desires. Moreover, the legislature exercises its control over the executive through interpellation, adjournment motions so on and so forth. . Gap between Practice and Theory: In a Parliamentary System, there is always a gap between law and fact. According to law, all powers of the Government are vested in the Chief Executive head who may be President as in India or Governor General as in Canada or King or Queen as in U. K. In actual fact all his powers are exercised by the Cabinet which is created out of the majority party in the legislature. The Chief Executive head is just an ornamental head or figure head. All real and effective authority is exercised by the Cabinet.The parliament gov is elected by the legislature. Presidential System 1. Separation between the Executive and the Legislature: The executive and the legislative branches of the government under the system are separate and independent of each other. The Executive which generally consists of a President and a cabinet subordinate to him runs the administration of the country. It has nothing to do with law-making. The President or his ministers are neither the members of the legislature nor do they enjoy any support of a majority in it.Sometimes, the President may belong to one Party and another Party may have a majority in the legislature and both may run at cross purposes. The fact is clear from the working of this system in U. S. A. 2. Presidential Executive is not responsible to the Legislature: Under this system the Executive is independent of the legislature and is not responsible to it. The President has a fixed tenure of office and cannot be removed by an adverse vote in the legislature. The ministers are appointed and dismissed by the President himself and the Legislature cannot touch them.Since none of them is a member of the Legislature, they cannot be subjected to any parliamentary criticism. 3. No Gap between Practice and Theory: Under this syste m, there is no such gap between law and fact. The Chief Executive head is the President in whom executive authority is vested by the constitution. He controls effectively his cabinet, which works under him and acts according to his wishes. This fact is clearly illustrated in the working of the Presidential System in the U. S. A. The presidential gov is elelected by us.. (citizens)

Job Enrichment And An Organization - 934 Words

Job enrichment can be defined as the process by which jobs are redesigned for workers so that they can be in control of their duties and also perform more tasks to develop personal skills. An important aspect of job enrichment is job redesign and it deals with the modification of the tasks assigned to workers in an organization. The case study that will be analyzed for Job enrichment theory in this paper is the expanded HIM functions. In order to fully employ Job enrichment in an organization, the motivational goals must be put in place. Goal setting is a medium in which managers can help to motivate workers to be more efficient while performing their tasks. While redesigning jobs for HIS department workers, the SMART goal setting principles was applied. The Smart goal is the acronym for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timely. All these characteristics are evident in the goals, cut out by the management of the HIS department in the bid of motivating the workers and increasing productivity. HIS set its goals in four levels, the engineering goals, restructuring goals, work redesign goals and job redesign goals. The engineering goals were set to analyze the visions, regulations and organizational structure. The restructuring goals will reevaluate the organizational structure. Work redesign goals also reevaluate the tasks assigned to the workers and the job redesign were set to remove, add or restruct ure the tasks assigned to the workers. The goals set wasShow MoreRelatedImproving The Organizational Structure Of A Job Redesign816 Words   |  4 Pagesoverload by implementing a job redesign or also known as job enrichment. The following questions are answered below. How are the principles of goal setting applied in this case? For the HIS Department, the goal is job redesign, in order to comply with the high demand of converting paper charts to electronic records. The goals are to re-engineer, restructure, work redesign and job redesign the entire organization. Re-engineering is when leaders examines carefully of the organization s mission, structureRead MoreThe Impact Of Job Enrichment On Motivation And Communication889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe principles of job enrichment applied in this case? What were the outcomes of job enrichment in the HIS Departments? What was the impact of job enrichment on motivation and communication in the HIS department? The first thing we will examine if the principle of goal setting and how it is applied is this case. Goals give an organization a vision and a direction in which to move. Goals setting by organizations can lead to the realignment of departments within the organization (Layman, 2011)Read MoreThe Principles Of Goal Setting1127 Words   |  5 Pagessetting applied in this case? Between 1979 and 1985, management of HIS Department implemented five specific goals. . These goals simplify the culture of goal setting in this organization. One reason behind the success of HIS Department is the regular adaptation to change in work ethics. In other words, HIS Department engages in job redesign to meet the needs of clients and employees. Besides the goal setting culture in HIS Department, other factor affects work; these factors include department-specificRead MoreDifference Between Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment and the Impact of Star Model on Job816 Words   |  4 PagesJob Enlargement Job Enlargement is a job design method that adds more responsibilities, duties and workload so that the employee doesn’t feel bored or uncoordinated at the workplace. Job enlargement can add variety in the job giving the employee more wider and not limited number of tasks. It helps the organization to utilize the worker fruitfully. It also increases the simulation for the worker. Example: For instance, in a graphic designing company, an employee who does work in Photoshop to createRead MoreThe Principles Of Goal Setting1116 Words   |  5 Pagessetting applied in this case? Between 1979 and 1985, management of HIS Department implemented five specific goals. These goals simplify the culture of goal setting in this organization. One reason behind the success of HIS Department is the regular adaptation to change in work ethics. In other words, HIS Department engages in job redesign to meet the needs of clients and employees. Besides the goal setting culture in HIS Department, other factor affects work; these factors include department-specificRead MoreJob Enlargement, Rotation And Enrichment864 Words   |  4 PagesIt is important for organizations to understand how job enlargement, rotation and enrichment, play a critical role in the workplace motivation. Each of these components has a certain level of similarities and differences that can be helpful or harmful in an organization. According to Chung and Ross (1977), horizontal job loading is a phrase used to describe job enlargement. It adds more task elements to an existing job and requires that employees perform large units of work instead of fragmentedRead MoreThe Idea Behind Job Enri chment1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe idea behind job enrichment is to increase the degree of responsibility a worker has over a job by means of empowering, encouraging, and allowing employees to monitor their own performance. This gives the employee enhanced feelings of responsibility and achievement which have been shown to increase overall satisfaction in their job as a result. Job enrichment, when properly applied, can motivate employees find challenge at work to satisfy their needs and create a positive work attitude; benefitingRead MoreInternal And External Factors Management868 Words   |  4 Pagestasks, and types of tasks. Changes in work can result from occurring events or changes in the pace of tasks or services. Managers and directors of HIS Departments should be aware of their environment by routinely and periodically assessing work and jobs for alignment with current processes. Following this periodic assessment, managers and directors may have to use indicators of cha nges in work to determine whether a change in strategy is required. In order for a manager to effectively plan his changeRead MoreQuestions On The Health Information Service855 Words   |  4 Pages extra effort and attention has to be considered only a contingency solution, due to the high risk of stress for employees, which will cause them to feel overwhelmed sooner or later. For these reasons, HIS management decided to redesign work and jobs at all levels in the HIS Department. The changes at the department level involved assessing the department’s goals and the overall work effort required to reach those goals; the changes at the employee level involved duty, responsibilities, andRead MoreThe Principles Of Job Enrichment1059 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle by Elizabeth Layman on Job redesign in Health Information Services (HIS) Departments. A few aspects which shall be explored are the principles of job enrichment applied in this case, the principles of goal setting applied in this case, the outcomes of job enrichment in the HIS Departments and the impact of job enrichment on motivation and communication in the HIS Departments. Before commencing it is necessary to define some of the terms used in the introduction. Job design â€Å"is the specification